Assuming no pollution explain why a road is only an example of market failure when it is congested essays

Assuming no pollution explain why a road is only an example of market failure when it is congested essays Assuming no pollution, explain why a road is only an example of market failure when it is congested. When a road is not congested and the traffic can move freely along it, the private cost is equal to the social cost. The road is non-rivalrous because everybody who wants to use it can. For every user that uses the road above the amount that makes the road rivalrous, they have to pay the externality of the congestion. As more people join, the externality increases. The externality is also known as the external cost. Because the road becomes congested, the journey time of the users is lengthened. The additional road users should pay the cost of the other users time. On a congested road, a car for example uses more fuel than it would on a non-congested road, this cost should also be considered. Measuring the social cost is very difficult. Listed above are just two factors that determine the extent of the social cost. The social cost can be different at different times of the day, e.g. at 8:30am in the morning, the roads are very busy because of people travelling to work. The same goes for 5pm when people finish work. In the early hours of the morning it is unlikely that you will any cars at all. There is market failure when the Marginal Social Cost (MSC) is greater than the Marginal Private Cost (MPB). This only happens when the road is congested (we can see this from the diagram). This is why a road is an example of market failure only when it is congested. The additional motorists that wish to use a congested road should pay the external cost, we can see this also on the graph. ...

Saurophaganax - Facts and Figures

Saurophaganax - Facts and Figures Name: Saurophaganax (Greek for greatest lizard-eater); pronounced SORE-oh-FAGG-an-axe Habitat: Woodlands of North America Historical Period: Late Jurassic (155-150 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 40 feet long and 3-4 tons Diet: Meat Distinguishing Characteristics: Large size; bipedal posture; overall similarity to Allosaurus About Saurophaganax Between the time the fossils of Saurophaganax were discovered in Oklahoma (in the 1930s) and the time they were fully examined (in the 1990s), it dawned on researchers that this large, fierce, meat-eating dinosaur was most likely a giant species of Allosaurus (in fact, the most notable reconstruction of Saurophaganax, at the Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, makes use of fabricated, scaled-up Allosaurus bones). Whatever the case, at 40 feet long and three to four tons, this fierce carnivore almost rivaled the later Tyrannosaurus Rex in size, and must have been much feared in its late Jurassic heyday. (As you might expect, given where it was unearthed, Saurophaganax is the official state dinosaur of Oklahoma.) However Saurophaganax winds up being classified, how did this dinosaur live? Well, judging by the profusion of sauropods discovered in its stretch of the Morrison Formation (including Apatosaurus, Diplodocus and Brachiosaurus), Saurophaganax targeted the juveniles of these enormous plant-eating dinosaurs, and may have supplemented its diet with occasional servings of fellow theropods like Ornitholestes and Ceratosaurus. (By the way, this dinosaur was originally named Saurophagus, eater of lizards, but its name was later changed to Saurophaganax, greatest eater of lizards, when it turned out that Saurophagus had already been assigned to another genus of animal.)

Business Plan for Cafeteria in the Food Industry Assignment

Business Plan for Cafeteria in the Food Industry - Assignment Example The food industry is a global collective of diverse and complex business supplying food energy consumed by large populations all over the world. Food industry captures almost everyone except subsistence farmers who rely on the yield of their farms. I am venturing into the food industry because of its wide scope, which will ensure maximum sales. Recent studies document that food industry is wide and consist of variety of services including regulation of food quality, lobbying activities in the industry, and food safety; nutritional education, food technology research and development, agriculture, financial services, food processing, distribution through wholesale or retail and marketing. The food enterprise will sell fast food by means of retail and food processing (Dodds, 2009). This enterprise will use many methods of food production. Some of the methods will be; one off production in which customer makes specification with every order before preparation for delivery, batch producti on to take care of the large market size with a variety of food products. Mass production method will also be used due to the mass market for the identical food products, and just in time production, where the customer chooses what they need to be incorporated in their foodstuffs and then the chefs freshly make the food according to the specifications (Gilbert, 1999). This is the kind of enterprise I need to develop a business plan for and this paper will capture all the content necessary ranging from the executive summary, product description, market and competitors analysis, marketing plan, organizational plan, operational plan, financial plan, and a critical evaluation of the industry. Hence, this paper seeks to develop a business plan for a fast food cafeteria, sole proprietorship. The name of the fast food enterprise is Rooda Cafeteria. The cafeteria will serve a wide range of people ranging from Italians, British people and tourists from Italy and other places who wish to tast e authentic Italian food in London. Rooda Cafeteria will be located at Marylebone Lane, London. This is because of the presence of various financial firms’ and brokerages and means many potential people with refined taste who visit this location over lunch and dinner hours. Business Plan Executive Summary Rooda Cafeteria is a sole proprietorship that falls within food industry in London. The cafe will develop a unique business operational model that will minimize overhead costs. The provided fast food products by Rooda Cafeteria will be fast served high quality Italian meals. The meals will cater for multiples and variety and will be freshly delivered faster than any other competitor in the industry. The domestic market, in the food industry, for fast foods is large and segmented with Italian foods representing the top most choices within the market. Rooda Cafeteria will target the central business district that gets crowded during lunch hours with high income individuals (Ha schak, 1998). There are also financial firms, brokerages, shopping malls, local businesses, weekend markets and university compasses all over the place, which will be the targets to provide potential market to Rooda Cafeteria. The owner of Rooda Cafeteria has significant qualification and experience in fields of advertising, hospitality industry, and business management. This will ensure that the management of Rooda Cafeteria is well and productive. Rooda Cafeteria has good financials and this will grow with large positive cash flow. Revenues will as well grow annually as will

Best Practices Position Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Best Practices Position Paper - Essay Example The way organizational culture changes in the wake of the adoption of the best practices is one significant aspect that comes under serious reckoning. It raises eyebrows since the company has an automatic shift within its work methodologies and it wants to emulate the best amongst the business. This imitation is not for the sake of copying workflow by workflow but to attain higher levels within the management regimes when the talk goes out loud regarding the organizational cultural domains. This means that the way employees dress up, do their chores and interact with the clients and customers is in direct proportion with the ways the best practices have been doing for a considerable period of time. (Taylor & Labarre, 2006) Also there is a great deal of check and balance mechanism being conducted so that the mistakes could be avoided and if the same are committed in essence, efforts are made to re-do them in the correct way. The best practices lead to the benchmarks that already exist within the related industries and are indeed deemed as the very best amongst their concerned areas of service. It is necessary for the best practice human resource management to have performance management systems in place before any advancement could be envisaged at some point in time within the future. Once these performance management systems are installed and in place, we can have a proper check and balance mechanism as concerns to the people who are working in the company. Performance management systems make use of the fact that performance is increased on the part of all concerned and there is no shortfall as concerns to commitment, dedication and devotion when at work. What this performance management system does is to ensure that the right people get the bonuses, incentives and so on as well as point out the ones who have fallen short on the company’s expectations over a period of time. This would help in giving them rewards and incentives which will

Changes in Children- Birth Essay Example for Free

Changes in Children- Birth Essay Before six months the main reason why a child’s emotion and emotional expression is different is due to the brain not being fully mylinated. As the child ages past the first month, their frontal cortex begins to advance as increasing neurological development is starting and beginning to modify and transform the operations of the in-built emotional expressions (Wilson, 2003, p. 55). Suffering, pain, joy, fear and interest are among the first emotions that an infant express. These primary emotions are important as this is a child’s first way of showing and communicating with adults their needs. It is for the reason of communication we must look at our primary emotions as a human survival mechanism, as these are involuntary and in- built features all children are born with (Wilson, 2003, p. 55). All primary emotions are all expressed in the same manner, which raises the question as to whether emotions are all universal; that emotions are genetic, or that all cultures share mutual background features. There are 2 main theories on emotional development; discrete emotions theory and a structural approach (Wilson, 2003, p. 48). Izard, Tomkins, Ekman are the leaders of discrete emotions theory. These theorists proclaimed that emotion had 3 components; physiological, behavioural and subjective. These emotions where present from birth and could be seen by studying facial expressions of infants. The results and information these theorists where gaining agreed with Darwin that these expressions where the same in all culture and must be an in-built neural feature. As humans age our primary emotions network with cognition and form ‘cognitive affected structures’, this is how secondary emotions are developed discrete emotions theory (Wilson, 2003, p. 49). This theory can be applied to my own family, as recently there was a sudden death of my aunt, as a result we had family members calling from different parts of Australia and the world calling to offer their condolences and support to our family. This reaction to a death of a family member is universal. The structural development approach see’s development as holistic. This approach states that all systems interact with each other and the environment with emphasis on the social environment. The environment play a large factor in the development of children, but theorists cannot deny genetic is also a large contributor. Sroufe a theorist states that all emotions have antecedent. In Sroufe’s theory in the first 6 months of an infant’s life emotional ancestor can also be physiological states and not recognised as emotions, and that secondary emotions build from there (Wilson, 2003, p. 50). By the age of two, a toddler’s brain contains more neurons than an adult and has twice the amount of connections between these cells. It has been linked that that as a toddler’s brain contains more neurons that they need more rest then adults for their brain’s to function fully. During this time more neurons die and more connections are pruned throughout brain in the first three years of life than other stage of life. The leading element of the development of expressions of emotion in the child’s environment is the carer and the care the child receives. Emotional deprivation occurs when children who are not had consistent warm emotional relationships as a young child, this leads to their secondary emotions being weak. Children who have suffered from emotional deprivation are targets for exploitation and paedophiles as they have ‘affection hunger’ (Wilson, 2012 slide, 8) A child in the toddlerhood has additionally reached a point where they have developed a sense of self. The maturation of the frontal lobes and the limbic circuit in the brain is the cause for the development of a toddler achieving a sense of self. As a result of the toddlers sense of self they are able to show empathy and can affectively communicate and label their emotions to their peers and adults. This allows a child to say ‘I am mad or sad’ instead of crying and having a tantrum, although toddlers still react in this manner they can communicate there emotions more effectively (â€Å"Emotional development†, 2006,. ara 7). From two to six years of age is early childhood. It is at this stage in a child’s life they have developed motor skills that enable them to become more self-sufficient and self-controlled. Children are creating friendships and being more engrossed in playtime such as; painting pictures which creates symbolic expression. There is an incr easing need for the carer to engage with the toddler by conversing and meeting the child’s social, cognitive and emotional needs, their perspectives, and interests. The child’s ability to tell stories is a way of understanding their perspectives (â€Å"Hearing young children’s voices,† nd, p. 19). Through a greater understanding of the world around them a child develop and understanding that the world didn’t revolve around them and that nothing was as simple as they one thought it was. During the age of 2-6 most children attend preschool, which gives young children a great understand about display rules. By attending preschool it gives young children an understanding about how to express their emotions in an appropriate way in all contexts of life ranging from family, school and society. Toddlers may learn how to appropriately express their emotions but influences from their family still have a great impact on their expression. The preschool is a system, with rules, boundaries, and expectations. It is important for children to know where they stand and by placing them in a system such as preschool whilst they are developing their emotional expression allows them to shine. For children in good environments the control of emotional expression accelerates from 3 to 5 years (Wilson, 2003, p132). From the age of six to eight children become aware of the difference between expressing emotion and feeling it. This affectively allows the child to manage their emotional expression by reflecting on their emotions; this is an emotional coping skill children learn in order to avoid negative attention or experiences such as bullying. Although, school age children are becoming more exposed to the wider world new challenges are arising such as, fears of failing or poor academic result in school as many children are put under presser from parents to achieve high grades (Berk, 2009, p. 410). When the child reaches ten years of age their expression of emotions is likely to have significantly enhanced. At this age most children have developed a set of techniques for controlling their expressions of emotion. General strategies are problem centred coping, they are able to identify the challenge, asses and solve issues that may arise. If problem solving is not successful the child may adopt emotion-centred coping that is private and internal (Berk, 2009, p. 410). An external influence has also been heightened during this period such communicating with their peers on how to deal with the situation. Children at this age are able to justify circumstances and actions or â€Å"reconstruct scenarios to make them seem less upsetting emotionally† (â€Å"Emotional development†, 2006,. para. 11). By age eleven, the child has began to integrate inner standards of excellence and good behaviour with self-conscious emotions; their internal strategies are starting to be utilised for self-regulating, and a shift from problem centred and emotion centred coping has taken place and there social etiquette of expressing emotions has improved (Berk, 2009, p. 416). In adolescents emotions are still forming. Most children reach adolescence rom eleven to twenty years. During this time an adolescent is trying to create distance from their family and form their independence. Peer pressure may appear to be irresistible regardless of the adolescence’s inner feelings, as it full fills their need for acceptance and desire to ‘fit it’. Emotional expression and even the adole scence’s inner feelings may alter on the way they react to certain stimuli or events, when in the context of groups, this can be seen in how a adolescent reacts on a school excursion to how they react out with their peers on the weekend at a movie theatre. Wilson, 2003, p. 176-77). Young adolescences’ endure peer group contexts where their expression of emotion is displayed in the environment of peer norms. Each child is an individual as they have been brought up in different backgrounds. In turn their fundamental feelings have been restricted although they have acquired the display associated with emotion. In example some adolescences may display in anger in what they have seen of anger, with the increase in aggression used television shows and in movies adds to the range of anger an adolescent cane use (Wilson, 2003, pp176-77). In certain circumstances some adolescences exhibition emotions that they may not feel or more emotions than felt, this is present in children of younger age groups but, is more dominant in adolescences. Adolescence is known as a period of storm and stress. Social, cognitive and environmental factors are a large contribution of how the adolescences expression of emotion will inevitably mature. During adolescence the social problems become more complex and they chose to talk to their peers to offer help to overcome this situation (â€Å"Emotional development†, 2006,. para. 12). Children who have been deprived have complex expressions of emotions, and on top of the struggle with complicated emotions that arise during adolescents put’s these children at greater strain. Adolescents according to Piaget are self- focusing. Piaget believed that during adolescence a new form of egocentrism formed as adolescents could not separate the difference between their thoughts and others thoughts. There were 2 main ways this could be explained, through self-audience and personal fable. Self -audience is when an adolescent believes they are the emphasis of everyone’s attention. It is through self-audience that adolescents may feel extremely self-conscious and aware of themselves. Self fable is when an adolescent feels that people are always giving them attention and watching them, this is similar to what a toddler may think but by this stage an adolescent should know that they can not always be the centre of attention. When an adolescent is not receiving they believe is due it leads to them being upset and moody. (Berk, 2009, p. 252) As human beings everyone develops their emotion expression at various time of their life. As we age and mature so do our emotions and expressions, how an infant reacts to a range of emotions compared to a 20 year old will be absolutely different, this may be due to the culture they have been brought up in or they have learned display rules. As seen throughout this essay emotional development does not occur in isolation but in some rare circumstances it does, there are many cognitive, neurological and behavioural influences interact with emotional, social and cultural influences. References Berk, L. (2009). Child development (8th ed. Person International Edition Colman,A. (2009), Oxford Dictionary of Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press Emotional development . (2006). Retrieved from http://www. education. com/reference/article/emotional-development/ Hearing young children’s voices, (n. d). Retrieved from http://www. children. act. gov. au/documents/PDF/under5report. pdf Wilson, L. (2003), The Emotional Life of Children. National Library of Australia: Charles Sturt University. Wilson, L. (2012). Lecture3: dependence needs of children [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from in class on the 17/07/2012

The Horrors of Colonialism and Imperialism in Conrads Heart of Darknes

     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the onset of the novella Heart of Darkness, the narrator Marlow compares his subsequent tale of colonialism with that of the Roman colonization of Northern Europe and the fascination associated with such an endeavor. However, throughout his narration, Marlow challenges this viewpoint by painting a heinous picture of the horrors of colonialist ventures. In the opening of his tale, Conrad, through Marlow, establishes his thoughts on colonialism. He says that conquerors only use brute force, "nothing to boast of" because it arises, by accident, from another's weakness. Marlow sees colonization as; "Robbery with violence, aggravated murder on a great scale, and men going at it blind - as it is very proper for those who tackle darkness." Furthermore, he sees such conquests as taking land and materials away from those people who "have a different complexion or slightly flatter noses." This epitomizes the futility in such an undertaking. Moreover as he understands it, colonization is only successful if there lies within it a "devotion to efficiency" and a creation of civilization, not exploitation (Conrad, 4). In his novella, through the eyes of his narrator Marlow, Conrad offers a frank critique of European imperial colonialism through the numerous oppositions of black and white and dark and light.   Through the individual characterization, Conrad creates the division between dark and light ... ...of Anthropology, Lawrence Univ.).  Ã‚   "Africa and Africans in Conrad's Heart of Darkness."  Ã‚   A Lawrence University Freshman Studies Lecture, 24 Jan. 1996.   Rpt. James Banks, Willamette Univ.; & Free Speech Television: http://www.freespeech.org/james/conrad/heart.htm (Accessed: Apr. 2002) Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness, New York: Dover, 1990. Dintenfass, Mark. "Heart of Darkness: A Lawrence University Freshman Studies Lecture." 14 Mar. 1996. *http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~csicseri/dintenfass.htm* (2  Ã‚  April 2002). Hayes, Dorsha. "Heart of Darkness: An Aspect of the Shadow," Spring (1956): 43-47.. McLynn, Frank. Hearts of Darkness: The European Exploration of Africa. New York: Carol & Gey, 1992.

Simon Armitage – Comparison of Two Poems

Simon Armitage's poetry is basically all about regular objects and people which have been twisted to make the objects and people seem peculiar and strange. His poetry makes many people think about the poem and why it is like this. I have been studying his poetry in depth to see what is behind the poems, all together I have analysed five poems; the poem without a title which is sometimes called ‘I am very bothered'; this is about an incident involving a young boy at school in a science lab, ‘Poem' is about the good and the bad events that a man has done to his family, ‘It ain't what you do it what it does to you' is about what a person has and has not done, ‘Cataract operation' is what a person sees after they have had a cataract operation and ‘About his person' is about personal belongings found on a deceased man and how they represent his life. Many of his poems relate to each other; ‘Poem' and ‘I am very bothered' are both in sonnet form suggesting they relate to love in one way or another. In ‘I am very bothered' love is expressed through a thirteen year old boy in a science lab asking him to marry him in an extraordinary way, the incident is very ambiguous and many images are painted in the readers head with images about love but in an odd way, he uses words such as â€Å"rings† and â€Å"eternity†, these give the idea of love but Armitage uses these words to describe a boy asking someone to marry him by burning their fingers. This is very odd but Armitage has twisted the sonnet form and the love words in to make the poem a very extraordinary poem. The sonnet form is also used in ‘Poem', it is very surprising that the sonnet form is used in this poem as the reader at the end of the poem is left with hatred due to what the character in the poem has done. ‘I am very bothered' and ‘Poem' are both about treating someone badly but ‘I am very bothered' is in first person and is only about one extraordinary incident the character did when he was thirteen but ‘Poem' is in third person and is about a lifetime of what an ordinary character did right and wrong. In this poem love is expressed through the characters family; the reader can tell the character in the poem loved his family as he â€Å"praised his wife for every meal she made† and â€Å"always tucked his daughter up at night, the man seems like an ordinary family man but at the end of each stanza from the sonnet it informs the reader of what he has done wrong in his life; he â€Å"punched her in the face†, this makes the reader shocked and surprised of what the character has done in the poem. This makes the poem seem strange and peculiar. The comparison between the things the character did wrong and right is big but strange; although the character does a lot more good things than bad he is remembered for all the bad things he has done by the reader, this might be because the bad events are at the end of each stanza and the bad events are very shocking and hurtful towards his family. The poet wants the reader to think that the man is very normal, he reflects the man through the poem; the title is very ordinary and boring just like the man, the use of the word ‘and' makes the poem seem ordinary, the use of words with only one syllable makes the poem seem ordinary and the rhythm of the poem is also very plain and boring. Armitage uses iambic pentameter, he uses this in many of his poems like ‘It ain't what you do it what it does to you' and ‘Poem'. Iambic pentameter is used in many sonnets; its meaning is ten beats per line. ‘It ain't what you do it what it does to you' is a poem about what a man has and hasn't done. To describe these two things he has used two different types of language; colloquial and formal. Armitage has used colloquial language before in ‘I am very bothered', in that instance he uses it to describe what a character has done when he was thirteen, a thirteen year old would probably use colloquial language. But in ‘It ain't what you do it what it does to you' he uses colloquial language to describe what the character has not done; â€Å"bummed† and â€Å"wobbly†, this explains to the reader that it is nothing special that he has done. Armitage even uses this language in the title â€Å"Ain't†. Using formal language to describe what the character has done it gives some feel and thought into the poem â€Å"inertia†, â€Å"toyed† and â€Å"padded†. It also gives the reader a sense of wonder and awe. The structure of the poem is very plain and simple, just like you would see on a normal poem you would read; it uses four quatrains. Armitage normally uses the structure of the poem to give his poems some feel and compassion, for example using sonnets in â€Å"I am very bothered† and â€Å"Poem† but for â€Å"It ain't what you do it what it does to you† he uses a straight forward structure, it might be because he wants the reader to think the poem is very ordinary and what the character has done is very ordinary too. Throughout the final stanza of the poem there is some enjambment â€Å"tiny cascading sensation/somewhere inside us† as the lines flow from one to another, mirroring the effect of the fluid feeling â€Å"cascading sensation† he is trying to describe. There is also some enjambment in the middle of the poem describing something the character has done, â€Å"skimmed flat stones across black moss†, the enjambment gave the affect of the stones leaping like they do on black moss. The alliteration of the ‘s' does this also by using the ‘s' every two syllables. Alliteration is also used in ‘I am very bothered' in this circumstance Armitage uses alliteration to describe a burning sensation by using a ‘b' sound â€Å"Bunsen burner/branded/burning†. Some of the last stanzas in Armitage poems refer back to the title; in ‘It ain't what you do it what it does to you' the last line of the poem is â€Å"That feeling I mean†, not only is at a line which makes the reader refer back to the title it is also a type of question. It is asking the reader if they know what the character is talking about. Armitage also does this in ‘Poem'; â€Å"Sometimes he did this, sometimes he did that. † Armitage characteristically refuses to judge the man leaving the reader with a question. The last line refers back to the title in a poem called ‘Cataract operation', the last line is â€Å"I drop the blind but not before a company of half dozen hens struts through the gate, looks around the courtyard for a contact lens†, in this short passage there is two references becoming back to the cataract; one where the character drops the blind and where the hens look around the courtyard for a contact lens, in this instance an image is painted in the readers head of hens pecking around a garden just like a blind person would be doing when trying to find something. Cataract operation' is about a washing line becoming a â€Å"pantomime†; this is very economical as in just one word it illustrates how lively, colourful and entertaining the washing line is. Armitage uses a lot of metaphors to show how lively the washing line is, the metaphors give the reader a clear but strange image of what the washing line is doing; â€Å"the cancan of a rara skirt, the monkey business of a shirt. † In this passage alone there are two metaphors inside it; the skirt isn't really doing the cancan but it seems and looks like it is and the shirt is not really doing monkey business it just looks as if it is. By using metaphors it paints images inside the reader's head of what the washing line looks like, it looks alive! This is the only poem where metaphors make the ordinary extraordinary; it takes a very imaginative mind to think of metaphors. As well as the passage containing metaphors it also contains personification; the cancan is usually done by people. Personification is very rarely used in the poems Armitage writes, the poems I have read that are written by Armitage are all about people anyway so personification is not needed. There is also rhyme in ‘Cataract operation'; â€Å"hens† and â€Å"lens†, â€Å"skirt† and â€Å"shirt†. But the rhymes in the poem are disguised as they are not where you would expect them to be, Armitage may be using this to represent the poem; the poem being strange and unthinkable. The simile at the start of ‘Cataract operation' is a visual representation of the sun rising and being born for the next day â€Å"The sun comes like a head through last night's turtleneck. â€Å", this is the only simile of the poem, another simile is seen in â€Å"About his person†, this simile symbolises death â€Å"a rolled-up note of explanation planted there like a spray carnation†. These two similes are to do with two very different things even though ‘Cataract operation' and ‘About his person' are very similar poems; they both have rhyming couplets inside them and are both 20 lines wrong, but they are also very different; ‘About his person' is all about death, violence and finality but ‘Cataract operation' is about liveliness, entertainment and magic. The two similes represent this. ‘About his person' is about personal belongings found on a deceased man and how they represent his life. The language used in the poem is very plain and ordinary, maybe representing the character in the poem. The poem is basically a list of what has been found, very simple and straight forward unlike ‘Cataract operation' where it is very hard to understand what is happening. In ‘Poem' a list is also used with the repetition of the word â€Å"and†, it makes the poem seem ordinary just like ‘About his person'. End stopping words are used in the poem; â€Å"Stopped† represents the finality of the man but is used in the poem to describe an analogue watch that was found on the man. â€Å"That was everything† is also and end stopping phrase at the end of the poem, this cuts off the poem dead just like the character was. The items found on the man give the reader series of pictures or images that are factual snapshots. The choice of words in this list shows how a poet can play with multiple meanings to great effect. The title itself can be read in two ways, as can the final line. Many of the words have very violent overtones of finality – ‘expiry', ‘beheaded' – and all of these meanings are consciously worked on by the poet. These words describe objects that are found on the man, this is a bit ironic as the man that the objects are found on is dead. All the poems I have analysed that are written by Armitage all link together in one way or another. At first impressions Armitage makes his poems look extraordinary but when looked in depth the poem is actually ordinary but in a twisted way, e. g. in ‘Poem' the reader thinks that the character is a very nasty man by doing very horrible things to his family. Armitage does this by putting the nasty events the character does at the end of each line, the reader then remembers the character by what he has done wrong. But when the poem is looked into, the amount of good things the man did nicely actually overrules the things he did nastily. The character now looks like an ordinary man but as the nasty events are out of the blue it makes the reader think that the character is very malevolent. Armitage uses metaphors, similes, personification and imagery to make the poems he writes extraordinary. Imagery is the key thing in poetry, if the reader can not imagine the poem coming to life then the poem is useless, Armitage uses imagery to paint images inside reader's head that makes the poem seem strange and odd. Armitage's poetry makes the reader think twice of what is put in the poems. Colloquial and formal language is also used to describe what a character has done in a poem, if Armitage wants the reader to think that something is boring he uses colloquial language and if he wants the reader to think that something is amazing and exciting then he uses formal language. Armitage makes the reader think what he wants them to think and from this he controls the readers mind to think of something that is very extraordinary. Simon Armitage – Comparison of Two Poems Simon Armitage writes about a range of different topics. In the two poems I have chosen, he focuses on people and personal experience. I will briefly describe both poems and show how each poem reveals something about Human nature. I will begin with the poem â€Å"About his person†. This poem lists all the items a dead man had upon him when he was discovered. In many ways, these objects represent the mans life. It reads like a police report. Although the poem cannot tell us anything about the mans thoughts, it tells us a lot about the mans life. The poem is deceptively simple. There is a pun in the title. â€Å"About his person† is a formal way of saying â€Å"he had on him† but it also emphasises that the poem is about a dead person. This is an example of how Armitage uses ambiguous language. Also, his technique of colloquial language makes his poems more meaningful. Both poems are about ordinary people. Another example of ambiguous language is: â€Å"A give-away photograph stashed in his wallet, A keepsake banked in the heart of a locket†. We ask ourselves, is the photograph â€Å"stashed in his wallet† the equivalent of a keepsake in a locket, or were they two separate items. The photographs makes us think that he may have had loved ones. After all it is human nature to love someone. Armitage uses a simile in line twelve. Up until line twelve the diction is factual and plain. In line 12, he compares the note of explanation to a spray carnation. Carnations being funeral flowers, are associated with death or a funeral and reminds us that that somehow the man died. The use of language points towards how humans experience depression and even suicide. In this poem, each item is described precisely. Armitage begins the list with a normal à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5.50 in the mans pocket, â€Å"exactly†. He mentions â€Å"a library card on its date of expiry†. The card is invalid. Just like the mans life it means nothing, its worthless. The poem also mentions a â€Å"mortise lock† also known as a death lock, â€Å"an analogue watch, self-winding, stopped†. These items are listed in terms of death. Could this list of deathlike items be a reason for a human to commit suicide? We are intrigued by the final line, â€Å"A final demand†, what does this mean? The postcard is also a mystery but it indicates family or loved ones. â€Å"A ring of white unweathered skin†, â€Å"No gold No silver†. Obviously, the man used to wear a ring but he no longer does. Was he divorced? Or maybe his wife died. We can link those last few lines to line six about the first of April (i.e. April fools day.) This indicates that someone was fooled. Perhaps, he was fooled by his wife. The last line, â€Å"That was everything†, finalises the poem. His whole life shown by the list, everything. The poem is structured in rhyming couplets. It is short and precise and consists of 10 â€Å"two line stanza's†. The poem has a simple form. The poet uses imagery e.g. The photo in his wallet leads us to imagine that he had loved ones. The â€Å"carnations† make us imagine a memorial service. We are born and than we die, it is nature. â€Å"No gold or silver† but a mark where a ring had once been indicates a failed relationship. He was being selfish if, he had committed suicide but we are still sympathetic. The poem gives a pessimistic outlook on life. The poem is sad, mourning and depressing. There isn't much feeling but there is a lot of meaning. The tone is deadpan. There is a slow rhythm to indicate death and sorrow. The rhyming within couplets gives an air of finality and completeness. The poem â€Å"I am very bothered† is written differently. It is like a direct confession. The colloquial language used is very appropriate. There is not much rhyme in this poem. It is quite simple just as a thirteen-year-old boy would write; he uses words such as â€Å"butterfingered†. The first stanza tells us he is bothered about many things he has done in his life and not least the time he burned her hand in the â€Å"chemistry lab†. The word chemistry makes us think of love and emotion. The poem is typical of how far a human being would go to get some-ones attention but we have to remember that the boy is only thirteen and incapable of expressing his love for the girl he wished to marry. The girl is anonymous, why? , Perhaps to avoid embarrassment. He â€Å"played the handles† of the scissors as if it were a game. An example in this poem of Armitage's ambiguous language is: the â€Å"naked lilac flame†. The two different meanings I have discove red are, the flame is unprotected and can do damage, and the boy may have been thinking of a naked girl. The writer addresses the girl as â€Å"you† as if she was present. The words â€Å"unrivalled stench† and â€Å"eternity† emphasise how serious the burning actually was. Was the boy branding the girl as his just as farmer's brand their herd â€Å"eternity† is a strong word. It means forever but it also makes us think of eternity rings. â€Å"did they meet in later like and get married? The girl will be scarred. She will always remember the incident. The poem is quite personal but also sarcastic. The poem is about forgiveness, shame and guilt. The writer manipulates us in the last stanza: â€Å"Don't believe me, please, if I say That was just my butterfingered way, at thirteen, Of asking you if you would marry me.† He asks us not to believe him but I think it is obvious that he wants us to believe him. He is felling guilty. The poem begins with and slow sorrowful rhythm but speeds up towards the end. There is a pleading, sorrowful and emotional tone. The first stanza is a bout the planning of what he will do. It is almost as if he takes a deep breath before he starts the second stanza where he actually carries out the â€Å"experiment†. It describes what he does and what happens. The third stanza is about his regrets. The poem reads like a script and there is some rhyme. As I mentioned before the word naked gives us two different images, as does the word â€Å"eternity†. Is a sign of never-ending love but we may also think of eternity rings. The poem goes from the writer finding enjoyment in what he did to his confession of what he did. The poem is an example of human nature i.e. The boy loves the girl, is uncapable of showing his feelings and so he hurts her. It seems ironic but it happens. This poem reveals that people make mistakes and usually the want forgiveness. Armitage's use of language has helped reveal a lot about human nature particularly in the second poem, which is quite typical, of what a thirteen year old boy might do to gets a girls attention.

Confucius

Q3. Explain Confucius concept of virtue or de. Why does Confucius think a hermit cannot be virtuous? Confucius believed that the problem with government and society was caused by a lack of virtue. Confucius considered gravity, generosity of soul, sincerity, earnestness and kindness all virtuous. ?According to Confucius if you are a hermit you cannot be virtuous. He argued that if you are virtuous, people will be attracted to you willing to provide you with help and information, and happily follow orders. Confucius even went as far as to say virtue is never solitary it always has neighbors (Analects; 4:25).Confucius would say living virtuous is the best way because it would help you live a fulfilling and righteous life. Q4. What is the Concept of â€Å"Wu Wei† or Non Action in Lao Tzu’s Tao Te Ching? How does a ruler combat social problems through â€Å" non-action† is it doing nothing? Provide an example from the text of ruling through non-action. The concept of Wu Wei or non-Action means going with the flow, it is the path of least resistance and effort, for there is no action without reaction, no desire with out restraint.It means to find that path of least effort, for whatever we do always has a reaction. Do not seek to force something to happen. To rule through non-action â€Å"do not glorify heroes, and people will not contend. Don’t treasure rare objects and people will not steal. Don’t display what people desire and their hearts will not be disturbed. † (Tao Te Ching p. 3) Live in a good place. Keep your mind deep. Treat others well. Stand by your word. Make fair rules. Do the right thing. Work when its time. Only do not contend, and you will not go wrong. †(Tao te Ching p. 8)Q5. In Walden, Thoreau famously states most people live lives of â€Å"quiet desperation. † What makes Americans so desperate? Why does he think they suffer silently? Why are they so resigned to their fate? To explain Thoreauâ⠂¬â„¢s quote â€Å"most people live lives of quiet desperation†, he believed that the pursuit of success and wealth cheapened the lives of those engaged in it making them unable to appreciate the simpler pleasures. Thoreau describes most people live, spending all their time and energy working to acquire luxuries; this does not lead to human happiness.Thoreau says that the ownership of such things is actually a disadvantage, one who owns them must take care of them, while one who owns little has more freedom to do as he pleases. This is why Thoreau chose to live simply and cheaply in a house he built and why he thinks Americans are desperate and suffer silently. Q6. In the Analects, Confucius claims that â€Å" the Virtue of the gentleman is like the wind, and the virtue of the petty person is like that of the grass- when the wind moves over the grass, the grass is sure to bend† what does Confucius mean by this? What does he imply about the masses?How do they learn virt ue? Confucius refers to the virtuous person as the wind. Confucius often describes being virtuous has an effect on a person and virtuous people have a force, that attracts others around them. Confucius implies about the masses that virtuous will be stronger than the petty. According to Confucius â€Å"The gentleman brings out the best in others, and does not bring out the worst. The petty man does the opposite†. (The Analects 12. 16) This means that the virtuous people would ultimately influence the rest like when the wind blows the grass it is sure to move. Q7. How does Thoreau define freedom?Why does he think a life of simplicity can restore freedom? In his book Walden, Thoreau defines freedom as â€Å"living free and uncommitted. † He describes that he once considered buying a farm. He realized, though, that a person did not have to own a farm to enjoy those things such as the beauty of its landscape. Thoreau concludes: â€Å"But I would say to my fellows, once for all, as long as possible live free and uncommitted. It makes little difference whether you are committed to a farm or the county jail. ’’ Thoreau tells his readers to simplify their lives as well so that they may live fully and freely.

Free Essays on Gender Attitude Toward The Elderly

The question of attitudes toward elderly individuals and the aging process has become relevant today especially with the baby boom generation approaching. The percentage and number of older adults in our society is steadily increasing and in recent decades, a tendency has developed to view the elderly as a serious handicap. Anyone past fifty is liable to be considered "old," as society family and friends start to show negative attitudes toward them. Although there have been recent studies which examine individuals attitudes toward the aged during different stages of the life-span, most of the research obtained from theses studies reflects the views of younger, adolescent aged adults. Past research purposes that adolescents hold negative views of the elderly and that females are more likely than males to show positive attitudes. The results of a study conducted by (Doka, 1985) investigated the initial attitudes and knowledge of twenty-four adolescents toward the elderly and aging pro cess. Results showed that the participants held negative attitudes toward the aged. Male and Female students believed that the elderly couldn’t drive and had more accidents then younger drivers, they also believed that the aged were miserable, isolated and lonely. This study found that the older the age group was the more negative views were attributed to them. Sanders, Montgomery, Pittman and Balkwell (1984) conducted a study with a twenty-item semantic differential scale to address the attitudes of college students towards six groups of male and female elderly persons. The age groups were (a) young-old (65-74years), (b) old-old (75-99) and (c) centenarians (100+ years). The results showed that the male and female participants had different ratings only for the older groups. The female students showed more positive attitudes toward the young-old females and males. They also held a slightly more positive attitude toward the centenarian targets compa... Free Essays on Gender Attitude Toward The Elderly Free Essays on Gender Attitude Toward The Elderly The question of attitudes toward elderly individuals and the aging process has become relevant today especially with the baby boom generation approaching. The percentage and number of older adults in our society is steadily increasing and in recent decades, a tendency has developed to view the elderly as a serious handicap. Anyone past fifty is liable to be considered "old," as society family and friends start to show negative attitudes toward them. Although there have been recent studies which examine individuals attitudes toward the aged during different stages of the life-span, most of the research obtained from theses studies reflects the views of younger, adolescent aged adults. Past research purposes that adolescents hold negative views of the elderly and that females are more likely than males to show positive attitudes. The results of a study conducted by (Doka, 1985) investigated the initial attitudes and knowledge of twenty-four adolescents toward the elderly and aging pro cess. Results showed that the participants held negative attitudes toward the aged. Male and Female students believed that the elderly couldn’t drive and had more accidents then younger drivers, they also believed that the aged were miserable, isolated and lonely. This study found that the older the age group was the more negative views were attributed to them. Sanders, Montgomery, Pittman and Balkwell (1984) conducted a study with a twenty-item semantic differential scale to address the attitudes of college students towards six groups of male and female elderly persons. The age groups were (a) young-old (65-74years), (b) old-old (75-99) and (c) centenarians (100+ years). The results showed that the male and female participants had different ratings only for the older groups. The female students showed more positive attitudes toward the young-old females and males. They also held a slightly more positive attitude toward the centenarian targets compa...

Looking for Black Holes in Out-Of-The-Way Galaxies

Looking for Black Holes in Out-Of-The-Way Galaxies Black holes are strange beasts in the cosmic zoo. They come in two types: stellar and supermassive. Its now well known that most galaxies have many stellar-mass black holes scattered throughout. Theyre usually created by the deaths of stars in supernova explosions. Theyre sometimes found in binary systems, where a black hole and a white dwarf or some other type of star are doing an orbital dance with each other. An artists conception of a stellar-mass black hole (in blue) hat likely formed when a supermassive star collapsed, feeding from material ejected by a nearby star. ESA, NASA and Felix Mirabel) Meet the Behemoths The largest black holes, the supermassives, are tucked away in the hearts of galaxies and contain the mass of millions or billions of stars. They spend at least some of their time chowing down on material in their immediate neighborhoods. Most of the supermassive black holes astronomers know about are tucked away  in galaxies that themselves are bundled together in clusters. The largest one found so far has the mass of 21 billion suns and holds court in the core of a galaxy in the Coma Cluster. Coma is a huge conglomeration that lies 336 million light-years away from the Milky Way galaxy. The heart of the Coma Cluster of galaxies; one of the galaxies contains the most massive black hole ever found. This HST image reveals galaxies and globular clusters associated with the core of the cluster. NASA/ESA/STScI That wasnt the only big one out there. Astronomers also found a 17-billion-solar-mass black hole hunkered down in the core of a galaxy called NGC 1600, which itself is in a cosmic backwater where only about 20 galaxies exist. Since most of the really big black holes live in the big cities (that is, in well-populated galaxy clusters) finding this one out in the galactic sticks tells astronomers that something strange had to have happened to create it in its current galaxy. Merging Galaxies and Black Hole Build-ups So, how does a monster black hole get stashed away in a small-town galaxy cluster? One possible explanation is that it merged with another black hole at some point in the distant past. Early in the history of the universe, galaxy interactions were much more common, building ever-larger ones from smaller ones. Galaxy collisions contribute to the formation of supermassive black holes. This Hubble Space Telescope image shows a collision called the Antennae. During the course of the collision, billions of stars will be formed and any central black holes in each of the colliding galaxies can merge to form ever-larger monsters. NASA/ESA.STScI When two galaxies merge, not only do their stars and gas and dust mingle, but their central black holes (if they have them, and most galaxies do) migrate to the core of the newly formed, more massive galaxy. There, they orbit each other, becoming whats called a binary black hole. Any stars or clouds of gas and dust are in double jeopardy from the gravitational pull of these black holes. However, this material can actually steal momentum from the black holes (provided it doesnt fall right into them). When that happens, the stars escape, leaving the black holes with less momentum. They start to move closer together, and eventually, they merge to create a behemoth black hole. It continues to grow by gobbling up gas funneled to the core throughout the collision. Growing a Massive Black Hole So, how did NGC 1600s black hole get so massive? The most likely explanation is that it was extremely hungry at one point in its early life, leading it to suck in lots of gas and other material. That huge appetite may explain also why the host galaxy is in such a small cluster, compared to other supermassive black holes in galaxies in the hearts of much larger clusters. NGC 1600 is the largest, most massive galaxy in its group. Its also three times brighter than any of the other nearby galaxies. That huge difference in brightness is not something astronomers have seen in other groups. Most of the galaxys gas was consumed long ago when the black hole blazed as a brilliant quasar from material streaming into it that was heated into glowing plasma. In modern times, NGC 1600s central black hole is relatively quiet. In fact, astronomers called it a sleeping giant. That explains why it hadnt been detected in earlier studies of the galaxy. Astronomers stumbled across this massive monster when they were measuring the velocities of nearby stars. The intense gravitational field of the black hole affects the motions and speeds of stars. Once astronomers were able to measure those speeds, they could then determine the black holes mass. How Do Astronomers Even Find a Black Hole? Astronomers used special instruments at the Gemini Observatory in Hawaii to study the light coming from the stars near the black hole in NGC 1600. Some of those stars are circling the black hole, and that motion shows up in the starlights fingerprint (called its spectrum). Other stars had motions that seem to suggest that they had once ventured a bit too close to the black hole and were gravitationally flung away in a more-or-less straight line from the galaxy core. This makes sense since Hubble Space Telescope data also showed the core to be very faint. Youd expect that if the black hole were tossing stars away from itself. Its possible that NGC 1600s core has ejected enough stars to make 40 billion suns. That tells astronomers theres a pretty powerful and massive black hole hidden away at the heart of this galaxy, which lies some 209 million light-years from Earth. Instruments attached to Gemini Observatory can be used to study the fingerprints of light streaming away from the regions around black holes such as that in NGC 1600. Gemini Observatory Key Takeaways Black holes exist throughout many galaxies. The cores of spirals and ellipticals usually contain supermassive black holes.The elliptical galaxy NGC 1600 has a fairly massive black hole at its heart.Astronomers are working to understand why this galaxy has such a massive black hole. Sources â€Å"A View of the Giant Elliptical Galaxy NGC 1600.†Ã‚  HubbleSite - The Telescope - Hubble Essentials - About Edwin Hubble, hubblesite.org/image/3723/news.Dunbar, Brian. â€Å"What Is a Black Hole?†Ã‚  NASA, NASA, 21 May 2015, www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/nasa-knows/what-is-a-black-hole-k4.html.NASA, NASA, science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/black-holes.

New Product Development Accounting Project Math Problem

New Product Development Accounting Project - Math Problem Example Operating Profit $152,124,000 $2,112.83 *COMPUTATIONS FOR INCOME STATEMENT Sales = Total sales units * Total per unit sale = 72000 * 14,500 = $1,044,000,000 Total Variable Expenses = Variable cost per unit * Total sales units = 8,770.5* 72000 = $631,476,000 BREAK EVEN ANALYSIS Number of Sales Units for Break Even: Break Even Sales Units = Fixed Cost Price - Variable Cost per unit = 260,400,000 5729.5 = 45,449 units. Sales Volume In Dollars for Break Even Total Sales = Total break even units * Total sales units = 45,449 * 14,500 = $659,010,500 Profit if the Sales is 6000 Units Per Month Sales per year = 6000*12 = 72000 units Profit per month = $152,124,000 Sales per month = 6000 units Profit per month = 152,124,000 / 12 = $12,677,000 Required 3: Based on the contribution income statement, the operating leverage ratio and margin of safety are calculated below: OPERATING LEVERAGE RATIO: The formula to compute the operating leverage ratio is: Operating Leverage = Contribution Margin/Net Income = $412,524,000/152,124,000 = 2.71 Operating leverage indicates what change in net income can be expected from a change in sales volume. An operating leverage of 2.7 implies that the change in net income will be 2.7 times as large as the change in sales volume. Therefore, for the projected profitability of Water Play Inc. that if sales increased by 10%, net income should increase by 27%. The net income of Water Play Inc. would be 2.7 times greater than its sales volume. MARGIN OF SAFETY: The margin of safety is measured in either dollars or units. It measures... This would be a discretionary cost for the company as the cost on research and development arises form management decision to spend a particular amount and management can reduce it in the short term if it is needed. The management can minimize this cost by delaying for short term, the unnecessary maintenance and repair expenses in the office. Reduction in these costs does not cause an irreparable loss to the company's operations. Operating leverage indicates what change in net income can be expected from a change in sales volume. An operating leverage of 2.7 implies that the change in net income will be 2.7 times as large as the change in sales volume. Therefore, for the projected profitability of Water Play Inc. that if sales increased by 10%, net income should increase by 27%. The net income of Water Play Inc. would be 2.7 times greater than its sales volume. Margin of safety reveals the amount by which actual sales can drop before a firm will incur Loss. The larger the margin: the lesser the risk. (Sales can fall by a larger percentage before the company will show a loss.). The Margin of safety or Safety stock of Water Play Inc. is 26,551 units. It means that the company should maintain 26,551 units as safety stock in order to avoid the risk.